"The variable denotes the best estimate of whether national elections were free and fair or not, based on the criteria of the classification by Lührmann et al. (2018) and the assessment by V-Dem’s experts. 1 if elections were free and fair and 0 if not."

The variable Freedom of Association Score denotes the best estimate of the extent to which parties, including opposition parties, are allowed to form and participate in elections, and the extent to which civil society organizations are allowed to form and operate freely. The variables ranges from 0 to 1 (most free).

The Global Corruption Barometer (GCB) – Africa, published by Transparency International in partnership with Afrobarometer, presents the largest, most detailed set of public opinion data on citizens’ views on corruption and direct experiences of bribery in Africa.

The variable Individuals Liberties Scores denotes the best estimate of the extent to which citizens enjoy physical integrity rights, freedoms of religion, of movement, and from forced labor, as well as access to justice, laws are transparent and public administration is impartial. The variables ranges from 0 to 1 (most rights).

Resources with a wide array of statistics on voter turnout from select countries. It contains the most comprehensive global collection of voter turnout statistics from presidential and parliamentary elections.

Based on the expert assessments and index by V-Dem. It combines information on the extent to which citizens are active in diverse organizations which choose and influence policy-makers. It ranges from 0 to 1 (most active).

Select countries by score on liberal democracy index (LDI)

Perceptions for various indicators. Estimate of governance (ranges from approximately -2.5 (weak) to 2.5 (strong) governance performance) Percentile rank among all countries (ranges from 0 (lowest) to 100 (highest) rank)

Based on the expert assessments and index, it combines information on the extent to which the executive respects the constitution and complies with the rulings of independent courts. It ranges from 0 to 1 (most constrained).

This year’s Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) reveals that corruption levels are at a worldwide standstill. The CPI ranks 180 countries and territories around the world by their perceived levels of public sector corruption. The results are given on a scale of 0 (highly corrupt) to 100 (very clean).