"The variable denotes the best estimate of whether the country is meaningfully an electoral democracy, based on the criteria of the classification by Lührmann et al. (2018) and the assessment by V-Dem’s experts. 1 if electoral institutions were democratic overall and 0 if not."

"The variable denotes the best estimate of whether national elections were free and fair or not, based on the criteria of the classification by Lührmann et al. (2018) and the assessment by V-Dem’s experts. 1 if elections were free and fair and 0 if not."

Resources with a wide array of statistics on voter turnout from select countries. It contains the most comprehensive global collection of voter turnout statistics from presidential and parliamentary elections.